Pulling in the Snowdrift condition delivered a smaller reward to the individual pulling the string and a larger reward to the partner, while the opposite happened in the Competition condition. Monkeys had the opportunity to pull a string to move a rotating bar and obtain a reward while delivering a different reward to their partner. We tested 12 capuchin monkeys (six dyads) in two experimental conditions: Snowdrift (cooperation) and Competition. In this experiment we tested the strategies adopted by tufted capuchin monkeys, Sapajus spp., when faced with a cooperative situation involving a conflict of interest, simulating a Snowdrift game. Social dilemmas play an important role in the study of cooperative behaviours. National Institutes of Health (grant number DC009810). National Science Foundation (grant number 1656825) and the U.S. This research was funded by grants to S.M.N.W. We thank Jacob Edwards, Darcy Kelley and Qian Du for their comments on earlier versions of the manuscript. We declare that we have no conflict of interest. MatLab code used for data acquisition and analysis are available at (Yeh et al., 2022). Woolley: Conceptualization, Methodology, Formal analysis, Investigation, Visualization, Writing – Original draft preparation and Reviewing and Editing, Supervision, Project Data Availabilityĭata are available by request. Moises Rivera: Resources, Formal analysis, Investigation, Data curation, Writing – Reviewing and Editing. Yow-Tyng Yeh: Conceptualization, Methodology, Software, Validation, Formal analysis, Investigation, Data curation, Writing – Original draft preparation, Visualization, Writing – Reviewing and Editing. Our behavioural audiograms are consistent with previous studies of avian hearing songbirds are most sensitive between 2 and 5 kHz and can hear sounds only up to 8 kHz (Dooling et al., 2000 Duque et al., 2020 Gleich & Langemann, 2011 Gleich et al., 2005 Lohr et al., 2004 Author Contributions We measured species differences in auditory sensitivity and courtship vocalizations in five species of estrildid songbirds with known phylogeny and disparate vocal acoustics (Olsson & Alström, 2020 Woolley & Moore, 2011). Gold-breasted waxbill song was comparatively tonal, with the narrowest frequency bandwidth and the highest peak frequency. Zebra finch, Bengalese finch and double-barred finch songs were broadband, with harmonic frequency structure, broad frequency bandwidths and low peak frequencies. Analysis of frequency power spectra showed that frequency bandwidths and peak frequencies differed across species (Fig. 2). We found significant species differences in song acoustics (Figure 1, Figure 2). Normally reared birds were raised by their conspecific parents in single-family breeding cages. Our findings suggest that adaptations in songbird auditory sensitivity are largely constrained by shared peripheral and central encoding mechanisms, with species-specific perception appearing only at peak sensitivity.Īll birds, 12 zebra finches, six long-tailed finches, six double-barred finches, Taeniopygia bichenovii, 12 Bengalese finches, Lonchura striata domestica, and six gold-breasted waxbills, Amandava subflava, in which hearing was measured were bred, raised and housed in laboratory colony rooms, kept on a 14:10 h light:dark cycle and provided with food and water ad libitum. Sensitivity did not differ based on sex, age or tutoring experience. While hearing frequency range was not correlated with song frequency bandwidth, the frequency of peak sensitivity was highly corelated with the frequency of peak energy in song. Species differed in the highest frequency detected and the frequency of peak sensitivity. Results showed that audiograms were similar across species and similar to previous reports of songbird auditory sensitivity. The audiograms of adults reared by their own species and those reared and tutored by another species were compared in one species. Juvenile and adult audiograms were compared in one species. Adult audiograms were compared across species and between sexes within a species. Behavioural audiograms were obtained using operant training and testing. Species were chosen based on phylogeny and differences in song acoustics. We measured auditory sensitivity in five species of estrildid songbirds with acoustically distinct songs and tested whether differences aligned with species differences in song frequency content. Comparative studies of acoustic communication in clades with diverse signal features provide a powerful framework for testing relationships between perception and behaviour.
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